Women who have been exposed to multiple traumatic experiences during childhood have more difficult births than others. They are much more likely to need emergency cesarean sections, suffer major ...

Difficult birth has been recorded in species that seem, at first glance, to have little in common with humans. Even whales and dolphins show obstructed births, despite lacking a fully formed bony ...

For centuries, childbirth’s pain was explained as punishment; more recently, as the evolutionary price of walking upright and bearing large-brained babies. But if difficult birth occurs across ...

Human childbirth is commonly viewed as uniquely difficult and dangerous. The reason: the combination of bipedalism and large brains creates a tight fit between the baby and the birth canal. Research ...