Weighted automata extend classical finite automata by assigning weights, typically drawn from algebraic structures such as semirings, to transitions. This quantitative enhancement enables the analysis ...

Symbolic dynamics is a branch of mathematics that investigates sequences of symbols governed by discrete dynamical rules, serving as a bridge between the study of dynamical systems and abstract ...

Although the PHP scripting language has been around since 1995 and is a staple of Web development, it does not actually have a formal language specification — just extensive user documentation. But ...

Formal specification languages have been used mostly to prove mathematically that a program or module is correct, or to automatically construct a correct program. In both cases, a high-level ...