Mathematical logic is chiefly concerned with expressions in formal languages, how to ascribe meanings to formal expressions, and how to reason with formal expressions using inference rules.

Propositional logic is a mathematical system for reasoning about propositions and how they relate to one another. Formally encode how the truth of various propositions influences the truth of other …

The book is intended to serve as a textbook for an in-troductory mathematics course in logic at the junior-senior level. The objectives are to present the important concepts and theorems of logic and to …

These notes provide an elementary, but mathematically solid, introduc-tion to propositional and first-order logic. They contain many exercises. Logic is the study of reasoning. The British mathematician …

The basis of mathematical logic is propositional logic, which was essentially invented by Aristotle. Here the model is a collection of statements that are either true or false.

The syntax of a logic specifies how we may combine logical symbols to arrive at well-formed expressions. The semantics of a logic specifies how to assign a meaning to these expressions.

Some laws of the algebra of logic have direct analogues in the algebra of real numbers, including the commutative, associative, and distributive laws. However there are such laws as, for example, De …